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【Objective】 To apply the spatial distribution analysis based on ArcGIS software, which has been applied widely in other fields, so as to analyze the intended locations for whole blood donation. 【Methods】 After a random stratified sampling was conducted among blood donors in the 17 donation sites during August 1st, 2021- July 30th, 2022, their intended blood donation locations were collected by an e-questionnaire. Addresses of donors′ intended donation locations were derived for GCJ-02 coordinates form and transformed by pandas module of Python to WGS84 coordinates, which further loaded to ArcGIS Arcmap module using Grouping Analysis for 17 median centers. The addresses of 17 blood donation sites in Guangzhou Blood Center were transformed to WGS84 coordinates and loaded to ArcGIS Arcmap module using the same methods for 3 ring buffer analysis. The criterion for judging whether the two were " matched" was whether the intended blood donation sites were covered by or adjacent to the 3 ring buffer zone of the existing blood donation sites. 【Results】 Of the 17 potential sites obtained from the spatial distribution analysis of 40 523 valid addresses of donors, 8 sites were covered or adjacent to the buffer of the existing donation sites, while the other 9 sites were far away from the existing donation sites. 【Conclusion】 By analyzing the spatial distribution of donors′ intended donation addresses, we can find out the service needs of donors for donating blood conveniently, which can provide basis for further blood donation service optimization.
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Objective:To analyze the main factors affecting the <italic>Ziziphus jujuba</italic> distribution and expand the understanding of its distribution and the corresponding influencing factors by comparing the distribution sites of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> predicted by models with those recorded in the literature. Method:More than 200 distribution sites of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> accompanied by 55 environmental factors were obtained from literature and specimen review. The environmental factors that affect the distribution of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> were explored by maximum entropy （MaxEnt） model， and the potential distribution areas of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> in China were analyzed by ArcGIS， followed by the verification of the main environmental factors using receiver-operating characteristic （ROC） curve and Jackknife method. Result:The area under the curve （AUC） values for the test data and training data were both greater than 0.9， which perfectly satisfied the standard， indicating that the research results were accurate and reliable. Conclusion:The annual average temperature， the average temperature in May， the average temperature in the warmest season， vegetation type， soil type， average temperature in June， average temperature in September， and average temperature in August are proved to be the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic>， which can be found almost all over China， except for Heilongjiang and Tibet. <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> is most suitable to be planted in southeastern Sichuan， Chongqing， southern Gansu， Ningxia， most areas of central Shaanxi， eastern and southwestern Shanxi， Henan， eastern and northern Hubei， northern and eastern Anhui， Shandong， Hebei， Beijing， Tianjin， western Liaoning， and Zhejiang. As revealed by literature review， the most suitable growing areas of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> are southeastern Sichuan， central Shaanxi， southwestern Shanxi， western and northern Henan， Shandong， and southwestern and eastern Hebei.
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Objective:To study on the quality regionalization of <italic>Angelica sinensis</italic>，in order to guide the rational cultivation of <italic>A. sinensis</italic>. Method:Through visits and field surveys，a total of 857 batches of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> were collected from different counties of Dingxi，relevant geographic information such as longitude，latitude，altitude of each sampling point were obtained by using the global positioning system（GPS），the content of 8 indexes in <italic>A. sinensis </italic>was detected by UPLC， and based on national ecological environment factor data，the suitability analysis of the quality of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> was performed by using MaxEnt，ArcGIS，SPSS. Result:The suitable areas of <italic>A. sinens </italic>were concentrated in central and southern Dingxi. In the suitable areas，the content of ferulic acid，coniferyl ferulate，senkyunolide H decreased from south to north，the content of chlorogenic acid decreased from north to south，the content of senkyunolide A，senkyunolide I decreased from east to west，the distribution regularity of butenyl phthalide was not strong，the highest-content areas were in western Min county，Qingyuan town of Qingyuan county，Shangwan Township and Huichuan town. The content of ligustilide was consistent in the suitable area，and the highest content were in the middle of Weiyuan county and the northern Tongwei county. The results showed that it had a higher index components and comprehensive quality in Min county，Zhang county，southern Weiyuan county and northern Tongwei county. Conclusion:In this study，the quality suitability areas of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> in Dingxi were graded. The chemical components and the quality suitability zoning maps were generated. The findings could provide references for the comprehensive utilization of <italic>A. sinensis</italic>，the selection and construction of high-quality <italic>A. sinensis</italic> raw material base，and the scientific guidance for the production and regional development of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> in Dingxi.
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Objective:Polygalae Radix is mainly produced in Northeast，North，Northwest and Central China and Sichuan province. There are obvious differences in quality of <italic>Polygala tenuifolia</italic> from different areas. <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> cultivation areas are relatively concentrated. Currently，there are only a few studies about the suitability zoning of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> nationwide，in order to determine the suitable zoning of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> in China. This paper made a habitat suitability evaluation of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> nationwide based on analysis of ecological factors in distribution areas of sampling points. Method:MaxEnt model was used to select ecological factors that affected the distribution of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> and construct an evaluation model. ArcGIS software was used to evaluate the suitability of different habitats of<italic> P. tenuifolia</italic>. The suitable areas were classified into high，medium，low suitability areas and unsuitable area of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> nationwide. Result:The evaluation model was highly accurate，and concluded that <italic>P. tenuifolia'</italic>s suitability distribution area in China was 3.21×10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup>，including 0.52×10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup> of high suitability area，0.96×10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup> of medium suitability area and 1.73×10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup> of low suitability area. High suitability areas were mainly distributed in Shanxi province，Hebei province，Shandong province，Shaanxi province，Liaoning province and Henan province. The main ecological factors affecting the distribution of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> were annual average temperature change range，mean temperature of driest quarter，precipitation of wettest quarter，altitude，slope and topsoil （0-30 cm） calcium carbonate. Conclusion:The results of the study are consistent with the records in relevant literatures，and can provide a theoretical basis for protection and cultivation of Chinese medicine resource <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic>.
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Objective: To study the ecological suitability of Angelica sinensis growing in Gansu Province and guide the rational cultivation. Methods: Through visiting and field investigation, 1 545 batches of Chinese angelica samples were collected from the county areas in Gansu Province. The information about the longitude, latitude, altitude of each sampling point was collected by using the GPS, combining with national environmental factor data, and using Maxent model and spatial analysis function of ArcGIS software. Results: The areas with high suitability of A. sinensis distribution are in the southeast of Gansu Province. The main ecological factors affecting the suitability distribution of A. sinensis were altitude, rainfall in March, May and December, wettest month precipitation, soil pH and other ecological factors. Conclusion: The research findings are basically consistent with the living habits of A. sinensis that cultivated in high-cold mountain areas and plateau flat pasture areas with a cool climate, moderate soil, moisture, slightly acidic to neutral fertile and loose brown sandy loam soil. This result can provide scientific basis for the reasonable distribution of A. sinensis cultivation area in Gansu Province.
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Using the 260 geographical distribution records of Polygonatum cyrtonema in China, combined with 53 environmental factors, the maximum entropy modeling(MaxEnt) was used to study the ecological factors affecting the suitability distribution of P. cyrtonema. The ArcGIS software was used to predict the potential distribution of the population of P. cyrtonema. The dominant factors were chosen by using the Jackknife test and the Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC) curve was used to evaluate the simulation. The results showed that high value of area under curve(AUC) denoted good results, which significantly differed from random predictions. Based on the evaluation criterion, the accuracies of the predictions of P. cyrtonema potential distribution in the current periods were excellent. The main environmental factors affecting the suitable growth of P. cyrtonema were the monthly precipitation, the wettest monthly precipitation, the annual average temperature range and the precipitation of November, March, February, April, May and October. There are 9 environmental factors in soil type. The potential fitness of P. cyrtonema in China is high, mainly concentra-ted in Hunan, western Hubei, Guangdong, northeastern Guangxi, southeastern Guizhou, Jiangxi, southwestern Anhui, Fujian, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, southwestern Henan and Chongqing. The growth distribution of the potential distribution area of P. cyrtonema was divided, and the zoning map of the growth suitability of P. cyrtonema was formed. Through the comparative analysis of the potential distribution range based on MaxEnt and the distribution range of literature records, the understanding of the distribution range of P. cyrtonema was expanded.
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China , Ecology , Entropy , Polygonatum , Research Design , SoilABSTRACT
Objective To study the estimating reserves of wild Dipsacus chinensis and provide a new method for the Chinese materia medica (CMM) resource quantitative evaluation. Methods The major contributing factors for ecological distribution of developing potentiality medicinal plants of D. chinensis were screened on the GIS platform by using the MaxEnt model, and raster data of species density and individual biomass of D. chinensis were generated by MaxEnt model and patial interpolation technology based on the field survey data. Spatial quantitative analysis and assessment of the distribution of resources of D. chinensis was performed by using ArcGIS. On this basis, a reserves assessment model was formatted for sustainable utilization of CMM resources evaluation. Results The analysis showed that the distribution area of D. chinensis was about 3.34 × 105 km2 which was mainly distributed in Hengduan Mountains and the Qinghai Plateau southeast area, and resources reserves was about 3.08 × 107 kg. The results showed that more than 69.48% resources of D. chinensis was located in Sichuan Province, and the western Sichuan such as Aba, Ganzi, and Liangshan prefectures was the highly populated areas. According to that regional center into the surrounding showed a trend of decline, the overall characteristic of individual biomass geographic distribution showed an increased trend from the vertical plane of the Hengduan Mountains as interface to both sides. The results also indicated that seasonal temperature variation coefficient, annual average temperature range, and average rainfall in April were the dominant factors contributing to the underground biomass accumulation. While mean temperature in December, monthly average rainfall in July and August were negative correlated with the underground biomass accumulation. Conclusion This study provides strong data support for the development and utilization of new resources of wild D. chinensis, and helps to establish a new way to the visual quantitative evaluation of CMM resources.
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Based on the distribution information of 110 samples and 55 environmental factors, Maxent model was used to predict the ecology suitability regions of Trollius chinensis. The study aims at providing theory basis for the cultivation of T. chinensis. The results showed that the Maxent model prediction result was good (AUC>0.9) and the main factors effecting the ecology suitability regions of T. chinensis were precipitation in July, standard deviation of seasonal variation of temperature, annual mean temperature, precipitation in August and altitude. The ecology suitable regions of T. chinensis mainly concentrated in Shanxi, Hebei, east of Inner Mongolia, west of Jilin and Liaoning, north of Shaanxi, south of Ningxia, east and south of Gansu, and east of Qinghai. The results indicated that except for traditional distribution regions, north of Shaanxi, south of Ningxia, east and south of Gansu, and east of Qinghai could selected as the regions for cultivation of T. chinensis. It provides theory basis for selecting suitable regions to cultivate T. chinensis.
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This paper is aimed to clarify the distribution of Codonopsis Radix in China and search the main ecological factors that affect the suitability distribution. Through literature reading, National Specimen Information Infrastructure researching, field investigation and general survey of Chinese medicine resources, the distribution information was acquired. The MaxEnt model and ArcGIS technology were applied to analyze the main environmental factors influencing the suitability of Codonopsis Radix with integrated 55 environmental factors. The results showed the precipitation and altitude were the major factors impacting the ecology suitable of Codonopsis Radix. The ecological suitable region of C. pilosula was mainly concentrated in south Gansu, Shanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia and, and the ecological suitable region of C. pilosula var. modesta was mainly concentrated in south Gansu, northwest Guizhou, northeast Sichuan, and the ecological suitable region of C. tangshen was mainly concentrated in west Hubei, east Chongqing, middle Sichuan. Combined with the investigation and cultivation of Codonopsis Radix distribution information, the results of ecological suitability of Codonopsis Radix were verified. The ecological suitability distribution result of Codonopsis Radix was consistent with each species actual distribution, which could provide scientific basis for carrying out the rational cultivation of Codonopsis Radix.
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Through planting regionalization the scientific basis for planting area of high-quality medicinal materials was predicted. Through interview investigation and field survey, the distribution information of Corni Fructus in China was collected,and 89 sampling point from 14 producing areas were collected. Climate and topography of Corni Fructus were analyzed, the ecological adaptability of study was conducted based on ArcGIS and Maxent. Different suitability grade at potential areas and regionalization map were formulated. There are nine ecological factors affecting the growth of Corni Fructus, for example precipitation in November and March and vegetation type. The results showed that the most suitable habitats are Henan, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Chongqing, Hubei, Sichuan, Anhui, Hunan and Shandong province. Using the spatial analysis method,the study not only illustrates the most suitable for the surroundings of Corni Fructus,but also provides a scientific reference for wild resource tending, introduction and cultivation, and artificial planting base and directing production layout.
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In this study, ecological factors, occurrence records, the essential oil components content were used to predict the potential geographical distribution and quality division of Mentha haplocalyx in China based on the MaxEnt modeling and geographic information system(GIS). The AUC of ROC curve was above 0.950,indicating that the predictive results with the maximum model were highly precise. The results showed that the main environmental factors determining the potential distribution were annual average precipitation (the contribution rate, 45.87%), mean temperature of wettest quarter (11.92%), mean temperature of warmest quarter (7.84%), average monthly precipitation of May (6.80%), standard deviation of seasonal temperature variation (4.42%), mean temperature of the coldest quarter (3.47%) and altitude (2.92%). The environmental variables in the highly potential areas were determined as annual average precipitation around [530,1 465] mm, mean temperature of wettest quarter around [24.5,29] ℃, mean temperature of the warmest quarter around [25.5,29] ℃, average monthly precipitation of May around [67,133] mm, standard deviation of temperature seasonal change around [8 333,9 643], mean temperature of the coldest quarter around [1.7,8.3] ℃ and the altitude around [0,165] mm. The best quality distribution of M. haplocalyx was mainly located in Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Zhejiang and Heilongjiang. The zoning results basically coincide with the actual situation. The quality division of M. haplocalyx can be used for providing a scientific basis for selection of artificial planting base and guidance of its production.
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This paper is aimed to predict ecology suitability distribution of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix and search the main ecological factors affecting the suitability distribution. The 313 distribution information about G. macrophylla, 186 distribution information about G. straminea, 343 distribution information about G. dauricaand 131 distribution information about G. crasicaulis were collected though investigation and network sharing platform data . The ecology suitable distribution factors for production Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix was analyzed respectively by the software of ArcGIS and MaxEnt with 55 environmental factors. The result of MaxEnt prediction was very well (AUC was above 0.9). The results of predominant factors analysis showed that precipitation and altitude were all the major factors impacting the ecology suitable of Getiana Macrophylla Radix production. G. macrophylla ecology suitable region was mainly concentrated in south of Gansu, Shanxi, central of Shaanxi and east of Qinghai provinces. G. straminea ecology suitable region was mainly concentrated in southwest of Gansu, east of Qinghai, north and northwest of Sichuan, east of Xizang province. G. daurica ecology suitable region was mainly concentrated in south and southwest of Gansu, east of Qinghai, Shanxi and north of Shaanxi province. G. crasicaulis ecology suitable region was mainly concentrated in Sichuan and north of Yunnan, east of Xizang, south of Gansu and east of Qinghai province. The ecological suitability distribution result of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix was consistent with each species actual distribution. The study could provide reference for the collection and protection of wild resources, meanwhile, provide the basis for the selection of cultivation area of Gentiana Macrophylla Radix.
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The distribution information of Glycyrrhiza uralensis was collected by interview investigation and field survey, and 46 related environmental factors were collected, some kinds of functional chemical constituents of G.uralensis were analyzed. Integrated climate, topography and other related ecological factors, the habitat suitability study was conducted based on Arc geographic information system(ArcGIS),and maximum entropy model. The AUC of ROC curve was both above 0.95, indicating that the predictive results with the maximum model were highly precise. The results showed that 5 major ecological factors have obvious influence on ecology suitability distributions of G. uralensis, including July average temperature, soil sub category, Dec precipitation, vegetation types and standard deviation of seasonal variation in temperature, et al. It is suitable for the living habits of the G. uralensis, adequate light, low rainfall, summer heat and large temperature difference between day and night, which is suitable for distribution in the northern temperate plains and mountains. In addition, the ecological suitability regionalization based on the chemical constituents of G.uralensis also provides a new suitable distribution area other than the traditional distribution area, which provides a scientific basis for the reasonable introduction of G.uralensis.
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The distribution information of Lycii Fructus was collected by interview investigation and field survey, and 46 related environmental factors were collected, some kinds of functional chemical constituents the of Lycii Fructus were analyzed. Integrated climate, topography and other related ecological factors, the habitat suitability study was conducted based on Arc geographic information system(ArcGIS),and maximum entropy model. The AUC of ROC curve was both above 0.95, indicating that the predictive results with the maximum model were highly precise. The results showed that 5 major ecological factors had obvious influence on ecology suitability distributions of Lycii Fructus, including soil pH, soil subclass, vegetation type and in August the average temperature et al. It is suitable for the living habits of the Lycii Fructus, dry, cool weather, more hardy, drought-resistant, alkali soil, which is suitable for distribution in the northern temperate plains. In addition, the ecological suitability regionalization based on the chemical constituents of Lycii Fructus also provides a new suitable distribution area other than the traditional distribution area, which provides a scientific basis for the reasonable introduction of Lycii Fructus.
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The 79 samples of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix were collected based on the distributed information by document literature. Based on sample information, and using the regression model of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix index component and environmental factors, and combined with the prediction results of ecological suitability by MaxEnt and principal component analysis results of index component, the space distribution of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix was estimated with the spatial analysis function of ArcGIS. The results showed that it had a higher comprehensive quality in south of Shaanxi, south of Gansu, middle of Sichuan and southeast of Xizang. The study results were coinciding with the producing regions of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix. It can provide reference for Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix resource conservation, development and utilization.
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The distribution information of Chinese angelica was collected by interview investigation and field survey, and 43 related environmental factors were collected, some kinds of functional chemical constituents of Angelica sinensis were analyzed. Integrated climate, topography and other related ecological factors, the habitat suitability study was conducted based on Arc geographic information system(ArcGIS),and maximum entropy model. Application of R language to establish the relationship between the effective component of Chinese angelica and enviromental factors model, using ArcGIS software space to carry out space calculation method for the quality regionalization of Chinese angelica. The results showed that 4 major ecological factors had obvious influence on ecology suitability distributions of Chinese angelica, including altitude, soil sub category, May precipitation and the warmest month of the highest temperature, et al. It is suitable for the living habits of the Chinese angelica, cold and humid climate, which is suitable for the deep area of the soil. In addition, the ecological suitability regionalization based on the effect of Chinese angelica also provides a new suitable distribution area other than the traditional distribution area, which provides a scientific basis for the reasonable introduction of Chinese angelica.
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In this paper, the potential distribution information and ecological suitability regionalization for Gastrodia elata in Zhaotong were studied based on the climate, terrain, soil and vegetation factors analysis by Maxent and ArcGIS. The results showed that the highly potential distribution (suitability index>0.6) mainly located in Zhaotong, Yunnan province（Zhenxiong,Yiliang and Daguan county, with an area of 2 872 km²）, and Bijie, Guizhou province （Hezhang,Bijie,Weining county, 1 251 km²）. The AUC of ROC curve was above 0.99, indicating that the predictive results with the Maxent model were highly precise. The main ecological factors determining the potential distribution were the altitude, average rainfall in November, average rainfall in October, vegetation types, average rainfall in March, average rainfall in April,soil types,isothermal characteristic and average rainfall in June. The environmental variables in the highly potential areas were determined as altitude around 1 450-2 200 m,annual average temperature around 18.0-20.4 ℃,annual average precipitation around 900 mm,yellow soil or yellow brown soil,and acid sandy loam or slightly acidic sandy loam.The results will provide valuable references for plantation regionalization and the siting for imitation wild planting of G. elata in Zhaotong.